Definition of Ointment

Ointments are semi-solid preparations rubbed over the skin to aid in healing, to relieve symptoms like itching and to soothe aches and pains. There is evidence that ointments, creams and balms have been used for many centuries. Modern ointments fall into the category of prescription medications or over-the-counter products.

Etymology

• The word ointment is an alteration of a Middle English word, oynement. Oynement comes from the Anglo-French word uignement, also written as oignement. The Anglo-French word is derived from the Latin, unguentum and unguere which means "to anoint." Merriam-Webster gives the definition of ointment as being an unguent or salve that is applied to the skin.

History

• Although a specific date and time can not be stated on the origination of ointments and their use, there is evidence that they were used in ancient times. Pliny the Elder makes detailed mention of them in his book, "The Natural History," written during the first century A.D. "The Iliad," thought to have been written no earlier than 800 B.C. and derived from an oral tradition that cannot be traced, makes mention of rose-scented oil, a variation of ointment also applied topically to the skin, in Book XXIII.

Properties

• Modern ointments are semi-solid substances that allow added ingredients to be rubbed into the skin for medicinal purposes. The properties of an ointment will vary depending upon what its use is. Generally, there are four classifications of the bases used in an ointment---absorption, hydrocarbon, water-soluble and water-removable. Hydrocarbons, like petroleum jelly, have the ability to block water, creating a barrier or protection. Water-soluble ointment bases are referred to as greaseless. Kerasal and Furacin are examples of water-soluble ointments. Absorption bases are used as emollients. Kovia and Panafil are examples of absorption ointments. Water-removable ointments are water-in-oil bases that are washable from skin and clothing. Dermovan is an example of a water-removable based ointment.

Uses

• Ointments are used topically to apply antibiotic and antifungal medicines over cuts and scrapes. Ointments can also be applied to help heal rashes, eczema and psoriasis. Some ointments contain ingredients to battle aches and pains from sore joints and muscles such as arthritis, strain, bruising and sprains. Specific medical needs are often addressed through the use of compounded ointments made at pharmacies. The making and purchase of these ointments require a prescription written by a doctor.

Cautions

• The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a reminder about the use of over-the-counter ointments. It warns that ointments are medicines and should not be overused or improperly applied. Medicines in the ointments can enter the blood stream through the skin causing problems if the directions are not followed closely. Keep all instructions, directions and warnings that come with the ointments for reference while the medication is in your possession. Drugs that are compounded at pharmacies should be created at the request of a licensed doctor and not be available for over-the-counter purchase.