What are the active medicinal properties of witch hazel?

Witch hazel contains several active medicinal properties that contribute to its therapeutic effects:

1. Astringent: Witch hazel extract possesses astringent properties due to the presence of tannins. Tannins are polyphenols that interact with proteins in the skin and mucous membranes, causing them to contract and tighten. This astringent action helps reduce inflammation, bleeding, and skin irritation.

2. Anti-inflammatory: Witch hazel contains compounds such as tannins, flavonoids, and gallic acid, which exhibit anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds help reduce swelling, pain, and redness associated with various skin conditions, insect bites, and minor injuries.

3. Antioxidant: Witch hazel extract is rich in antioxidants, including flavonoids and tannins. Antioxidants help neutralize free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can damage cells and contribute to aging and inflammation.

4. Antimicrobial and Antifungal: Witch hazel has antimicrobial and antifungal properties that help combat bacterial and fungal infections. It can inhibit the growth of certain bacteria and fungi, making it useful for treating skin conditions such as acne, athlete's foot, and minor wounds.

5. Analgesic: Witch hazel extract exhibits mild analgesic (pain-relieving) properties. It can provide temporary relief from pain and discomfort associated with skin irritations, insect bites, and minor cuts.

6. Antiseptic: Witch hazel possesses antiseptic properties that help prevent infection and promote wound healing. It can cleanse the skin and reduce the risk of bacterial contamination.

7. Hemostatic: Witch hazel extract has hemostatic properties, which means it helps stop bleeding. It can be applied to minor cuts and abrasions to reduce bleeding and promote clotting.

8. Astringent and Antiseptic: Tannins help to dry and soothe the tissues and have antiseptic properties. This can reduce the risk of infection in minor wounds, burns, and skin problems like acne, as well as relieve pain, inflammation, and swelling.