Describe the muscle activity involved in normal relaxed breathing?

During normal relaxed breathing, also known as eupnea, several muscles work together to facilitate the inhalation and exhalation of air. Here's an overview of the muscle activity involved:

1. Inhalation (Inspiration):

a. Diaphragm: The diaphragm is the primary muscle of inspiration. It is a dome-shaped muscle located at the bottom of the rib cage. When the diaphragm contracts, it pulls downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating negative pressure within the lungs. This pressure difference draws air into the lungs through the nose or mouth.

b. External Intercostal Muscles: The external intercostal muscles are located between the ribs. During inspiration, they contract, pulling the ribs upward and outward, further expanding the thoracic cavity and aiding in airflow.

2. Exhalation (Expiration):

a. Relaxation of Diaphragm and External Intercostal Muscles: During exhalation, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax, allowing the lungs to recoil passively. This reduces the volume of the thoracic cavity and pushes air out through the nose or mouth.

b. Internal Intercostal Muscles: The internal intercostal muscles may contract during forced exhalation, helping to pull the ribs downward and further reduce the volume of the thoracic cavity.

c. Abdominal Muscles: In deep exhalation or when additional force is required, the abdominal muscles, such as the rectus abdominis and obliques, may contract. This helps increase intra-abdominal pressure and contributes to the expulsion of air.

In normal relaxed breathing, the process of inhalation and exhalation occurs smoothly and rhythmically without conscious effort. However, various factors such as exercise, respiratory illnesses, or changes in respiratory rate can affect the pattern and intensity of muscle activity involved in breathing.