What is the stimulus for red cell production?
The primary stimulus for red cell production is decreased oxygen delivery to tissues, which is primarily caused by decreased tissue oxygenation (hypoxemia). The most common clinical situations leading to hypoxemia are chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung disease, pneumonia, and high-altitude residence.
Arterial hypoxemia results in decreased oxygen availability for tissues, which is followed by cellular injury, leading to the production of chemical signals that increase and alter gene expression in the kidney, resulting in the production and secretion of erythropoietin. This glycoprotein hormone is produced primarily by peritubular interstitial cells of the kidney in response to tissue hypoxia and is the main regulator of red blood cell production.
Erythropoietin acts primarily on erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow, and it is one of the essential growth factors required for the survival, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of these cells. Its biological activity has been divided into two main categories:
1) Stimulation of proliferation and survival of erythroid progenitor cells: These actions are mediated through several mechanisms, including inhibition of apoptosis and activation of anti-apoptotic signals, increased gene expression of cell-cycle regulators, and induction of growth factor receptors.
2) Promotion of erythroid differentiation and maturation: Erythropoietin enhances erythroid differentiation and terminal maturation of red blood cell progenitors, leading to the production of reticulocytes and subsequently erythrocytes. This involves alterations in gene expression patterns, including the upregulation of genes encoding proteins critical for erythroid development, such as hemoglobin, globin, and several enzymes involved in heme synthesis.
It is important to note that erythropoietin is not the sole regulator of red cell production. Other factors such as iron availability, vitamin B12 and folate levels, and adequate bone marrow function also play vital roles in erythropoiesis.