What are the contraindications for using belladonna?

Belladonna is contraindicated in the following cases:

- Narrow-angle glaucoma: Belladonna can worsen the symptoms of narrow-angle glaucoma by dilating the pupils.

- Urinary retention: Belladonna can relax the muscles of the bladder, making it difficult to urinate.

- Gastrointestinal obstruction: Belladonna can paralyze the muscles of the intestines, leading to obstruction.

- Hiatal hernia: Belladonna can relax the muscles of the lower esophageal sphincter, leading to reflux.

- Myasthenia gravis: Belladonna can worsen the weakness of muscles in myasthenia gravis.

- Pregnancy: Belladonna can cross the placenta and cause birth defects.

- Breastfeeding: Belladonna can pass into breast milk and cause side effects in the nursing infant.

Belladonna should also be used with caution in the elderly, people with heart disease, and people with kidney or liver disease.