What causes blood and protein in urine?

There are several potential causes of blood and protein in urine, also known as hematuria and proteinuria, respectively. Here are some common causes:

1. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): A UTI is a bacterial infection that affects any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. It can cause inflammation and irritation, leading to the presence of blood and protein in urine.

2. Kidney Disease: Various kidney diseases, such as glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, or kidney stones, can cause damage to the filtering units (glomeruli) of the kidneys. This damage can allow blood cells and protein to leak into the urine.

3. Urinary Tract Injury: Trauma or injury to the kidneys, ureters, or bladder can result in hematuria and proteinuria. This can occur due to accidents, falls, sports injuries, or medical procedures like kidney biopsy.

4. Certain Medications: Some medications, such as anticoagulants (blood thinners), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or antibiotics, can cause side effects that include blood or protein in urine.

5. Prostate Problems: In men, an enlarged prostate gland or prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate) can obstruct urine flow and cause blood and protein to appear in the urine.

6. Cancer: In rare cases, blood and protein in urine can be associated with certain types of cancer, such as bladder cancer, kidney cancer, or prostate cancer.

7. Glomerulonephritis: This is a type of kidney disease characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, the small filters in the kidneys that remove waste products from the blood. It can cause blood and protein to leak into the urine.

8. Hypertension: High blood pressure can damage the kidneys and cause blood and protein in urine.

9. Diabetes: Poorly controlled diabetes can damage the kidneys and lead to blood and protein in urine.

It's essential to consult a healthcare professional if you notice blood or protein in your urine. They can perform tests, such as urinalysis and blood tests, to identify the underlying cause and recommend appropriate treatment.