How Melanoma Is Treated at Each Stage

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. Treatment depends on the stage of the cancer.

Stage 0

Stage 0 melanoma is confined to the epidermis, the top layer of skin. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the melanoma.

Stage I

Stage I melanoma has invaded the dermis, the middle layer of skin. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the melanoma and a border of healthy skin around it.

Stage II

Stage II melanoma has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the melanoma and the affected lymph nodes, as well as radiation therapy and/or immunotherapy.

Stage III

Stage III melanoma has spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, liver, or brain. Treatment typically involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and/or targeted therapy.

Stage IV

Stage IV melanoma is considered advanced and has spread to multiple parts of the body. Treatment typically involves immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and/or palliative care.

The goal of treatment for melanoma is to remove the cancer and prevent it from recurring. Treatment options are based on the stage of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and the patient's preferences.

Surgery

Surgery is the most common treatment for melanoma. The type of surgery depends on the stage of the cancer.

For stage 0 and I melanoma, surgery may involve removing the melanoma and a border of healthy skin around it. For stage II melanoma, surgery may also involve removing the affected lymph nodes. For stage III and IV melanoma, surgery may be used to remove large tumors or to relieve symptoms.

Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other forms of radiation to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy may be used before or after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells. It may also be used to relieve symptoms of advanced melanoma.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy helps the body's immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. Immunotherapy may be used to treat stage III and IV melanoma.

Targeted therapy

Targeted therapy uses drugs that target specific proteins involved in cancer cell growth and survival. Targeted therapy may be used to treat stage III and IV melanoma.

Palliative care

Palliative care is care that focuses on relieving symptoms and improving quality of life for people with advanced cancer. Palliative care may include pain management, nutrition support, and emotional support.