Why do side effects of chemotherapy occur?

Side effects of chemotherapy occur because chemotherapy drugs target rapidly dividing cells, which include cancer cells and healthy cells in the body. These side effects can vary depending on the specific drugs used, but some of the most common side effects include:

1. Myelosuppression: Chemotherapy drugs can damage the bone marrow, leading to a decrease in the production of blood cells. This can result in anemia, low white blood cell counts (neutropenia), and low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia).

2. Hair loss (Alopecia): Many chemotherapy drugs target rapidly dividing cells, including those in hair follicles. This can lead to temporary or permanent hair loss.

3. Gastrointestinal effects: Chemotherapy drugs can irritate the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, causing symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and mouth sores.

4. Fatigue: Chemotherapy drugs can cause extreme tiredness and weakness.

5. Skin changes: Chemotherapy can cause skin to become dry, itchy, and sensitive. It may also cause skin discoloration or rashes.

6. Neurotoxicity: Some chemotherapy drugs can damage the nerves, causing symptoms such as tingling or numbness in the hands and feet, difficulty walking, and speech problems.

7. Heart damage (Cardiotoxicity): Certain chemotherapy drugs can damage heart muscle cells, which may lead to heart failure.

8. Kidney damage (Nephrotoxicity): Some chemotherapy drugs can harm kidney cells and impair their function.

It's important to note that not everyone who undergoes chemotherapy experiences all of these side effects. The severity of side effects can also vary from person to person. Doctors carefully monitor patients during chemotherapy and may adjust treatment plans as needed to manage and minimize these side effects.