What Is Gestational Trophoblastic Disease?

Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) refers to a group of abnormal conditions that develop from the cells that form the placenta during pregnancy. These conditions range from noncancerous to cancerous and can occur after a molar pregnancy, miscarriage, or childbirth.

Types of GTD:

1. Complete Hydatidiform Mole: Occurs when the fertilized egg lacks genetic material from the father and contains only the mother's chromosomes. This results in abnormal placental growth with grape-like clusters of fluid-filled sacs.

2. Partial Hydatidiform Mole: Similar to a complete mole but contains some normal placental tissue along with abnormal tissue. Chromosomes from both parents are present, but there are additional chromosomes from the father.

3. Invasive Mole: A rare condition in which the abnormal trophoblastic tissue invades the uterine wall and can extend to nearby structures.

4. Choriocarcinoma: A highly aggressive cancerous form of GTD that can develop after any type of pregnancy, including a normal one. It can spread to other organs, such as the lungs or brain.

5. Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor (PSTT): A rare type of GTD that occurs after a molar pregnancy or miscarriage and is characterized by the presence of abnormal trophoblastic cells at the site of the placenta.

Symptoms of GTD:

Symptoms vary depending on the specific type of GTD and can include:

- Abnormal vaginal bleeding

- Persistent nausea and vomiting

- Pelvic pain

- High blood pressure

- Thyroid problems

- Respiratory issues (in advanced cases)

Diagnosis:

GTD is diagnosed based on various factors, including:

- Medical history and symptoms

- Physical examination

- Ultrasound imaging

- Blood tests, including human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels

Treatment:

Treatment options for GTD depend on the type and severity of the condition:

- Curettage: Removal of the abnormal tissue through a surgical procedure

- Chemotherapy

- Radiation therapy

- Hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) in severe cases

Follow-up:

Regular monitoring and follow-up are crucial after treatment for GTD to ensure complete remission and detect any recurrence.