What is degenerative disc disease?

Degenerative disc disease refers to the age-related changes that occur in the intervertebral discs, the shock-absorbing cushions between the bones (vertebrae) that make up the spine. It is a condition that affects many people as they get older, and it is the most common cause of back pain.

The intervertebral discs are composed of a tough outer layer (annulus fibrosus) that surrounds a soft, gel-like substance (nucleus pulposus). With age, the discs can undergo various degenerative changes, including:

1. Loss of Water Content: As people age, the discs lose their water content, becoming thinner and less able to absorb shock.

2. Bulges or Herniations: The weakened disc material may bulge or herniate (protrude) through the outer layer, putting pressure on nearby nerves and causing pain, numbness, or tingling in the arms or legs.

3. Disc Space Narrowing: Degeneration can lead to a narrowing of the spaces between the vertebrae, which can put pressure on the spinal cord and nerves, resulting in pain, weakness, or impaired coordination.

4. Bony Spurs (Osteophytes): As the discs degenerate, the body may attempt to repair the damaged areas by forming bony growths or spurs around the edges of the vertebrae. While these bony spurs may not directly cause pain, they can contribute to the narrowing of the spinal canal (spinal stenosis) and compress nerves.

5. Inflammation: Degeneration can lead to inflammation in the surrounding tissues, further contributing to pain and discomfort.

It's important to note that degenerative disc disease does not always cause symptoms. Many people may have age-related changes in their discs without experiencing any discomfort. However, for some individuals, the degenerative process can lead to significant back pain and other symptoms, depending on the location and severity of the affected discs.