How is Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma spread?

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma can spread within the lymphatic system, to other organs and tissues through the bloodstream, or to the cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord).

Here are the common ways Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma can spread:

1. Through the lymph nodes:

NHL primarily affects the lymph nodes and lymphatic system. As lymphoma cells grow and accumulate within the lymph nodes, they can spread from one lymph node group to another through the network of lymphatic channels.

2. To the spleen:

The spleen, an important immune organ, is often involved in NHL. Lymphoma cells can invade the spleen through lymphatic spread or through the bloodstream.

3. To the bone marrow:

Bone marrow is the site where blood cells are produced. In some cases, NHL cells can enter the bone marrow from the bloodstream, leading to bone marrow involvement.

4. To the liver:

The liver, a vital organ involved in filtration and detoxification of substances, can also be affected by NHL. Lymphoma cells can spread to the liver through the bloodstream or through direct invasion from adjacent lymph nodes.

5. To the lungs:

NHL can spread to the lungs either through the lymphatic system or through the bloodstream. Lung involvement is more common in certain types of NHL.

6. To the gastrointestinal tract:

NHL can involve the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach, intestines, and mesentery (the tissue that supports the intestines). This can occur by direct invasion from nearby lymph nodes or through the bloodstream.

7. To the skin:

NHL can manifest as skin involvement, also known as cutaneous lymphoma. Lymphoma cells can infiltrate the skin through lymphatic spread or through the bloodstream, causing localized skin lesions or more widespread involvement.

8. To the central nervous system (CNS):

In some cases, NHL can spread to the brain and spinal cord. This is referred to as CNS involvement and is relatively less common. Lymphoma cells can reach the CNS through the bloodstream or by direct extension from nearby lymph nodes.