How does cancer spread from the lymphatic system?

Cancer can spread from the lymphatic system through a process known as lymphatic metastasis. Here's how it occurs:

1. Primary Tumor: Cancer starts as a primary tumor in an organ or tissue.

2. Invasion of Lymphatic Vessels: Cancer cells can invade and enter the lymphatic vessels, which are part of the lymphatic system. This process is called lymphatic invasion or permeation.

3. Transport of Cancer Cells: Once in the lymphatic vessels, cancer cells can be carried through the lymphatic fluid toward lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped organs that filter and monitor the lymphatic fluid for foreign substances, including cancer cells.

4. Involvement of Lymph Nodes: As cancer cells reach lymph nodes, they can settle and grow within them, forming metastatic tumors. These affected lymph nodes are often enlarged and can be felt during a physical examination.

5. Spread to Other Organs: From the lymph nodes, cancer cells can further spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system. They can travel along lymphatic channels and reach distant lymph nodes or infiltrate surrounding tissues and organs.

6. Secondary Tumors: These newly established metastatic tumors in different locations are known as secondary tumors or metastases. Metastatic tumors can develop in various organs and tissues, leading to the spread of cancer beyond its original site.

The spread of cancer through the lymphatic system is a common mechanism for the progression of many types of cancer. It's important for healthcare professionals to accurately stage cancer and assess the extent of lymphatic involvement to determine the appropriate treatment strategies and prognosis for patients.