Risk of Esophageal Cancer

Esophageal cancer is diagnosed when tissue in the lining of the esophagus mutates, causing malignant tumors to grow and obstruct the esophagus. A variety of risk factors play a role, depending on the type of cancer. Esophageal cancer is somewhat uncommon in the United States.

Types

• There are two types of esophageal cancer: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. African-Americans are more likely to develop squamous cell carcinoma, and Caucasians are more likely to develop adenocarcinoma of the esophagus.

Genetics

• The risk of contracting esophageal cancer increases for people over age 50. The percentage of men developing this type of cancer is higher than that of women. Having certain genes may also be a risk factor.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

• The likelihood of developing squamous cell carcinoma increases with heavy alcohol and tobacco use. The risk becomes greater if the two habits are mixed over many years.

Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus

• The likelihood of developing adenocarcinoma of the esophagus starts with a pre-cancerous risk called Barrett's Esophagus, in which the sensitive lining of the esophagus changes, likely due to long-term symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Other risks include obesity, smoking, and a diet lacking in fruits and vegetables.

Environmental

• People who frequently come into contact with asbestos, solvents used in dry cleaning, and small appliances, such as small space heaters, stoves or fireplaces, are at high risk of developing esophageal cancer.