What is the purpose of pancreas in human digestive system?

The pancreas plays several vital roles in the human digestive system:

1. Exocrine Function: The pancreas functions as an exocrine gland, producing and releasing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions into the small intestine through ducts. These secretions aid in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

- Enzymes: The pancreas secretes various digestive enzymes, including:

- Lipase: Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

- Proteases (Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Elastase): Break down proteins into smaller peptides.

- Amylase: Breaks down carbohydrates, particularly starch, into simple sugars.

- Bicarbonate Ions: The pancreas also releases bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) into the small intestine. These ions help neutralize the acidic chyme entering from the stomach, creating an optimal alkaline environment for enzyme activity.

2. Endocrine Function: In addition to its exocrine role, the pancreas functions as an endocrine gland, releasing hormones directly into the bloodstream. The primary hormones produced by the pancreas are:

- Insulin: Regulates glucose metabolism by promoting the uptake of glucose by cells and inhibiting the production of glucose by the liver. Insulin is essential for maintaining normal blood sugar levels.

- Glucagon: Counteracts the effects of insulin by stimulating the release of glucose from the liver into the bloodstream. Glucagon helps regulate blood sugar levels when they are low.

The coordinated actions of the pancreas' exocrine and endocrine functions are crucial for proper digestion and absorption of nutrients, as well as maintaining glucose homeostasis in the body. Dysfunctions or diseases of the pancreas, such as pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus, or cystic fibrosis, can significantly impair the digestive and metabolic processes.