What happens once gallstones are formed?

Once gallstones are formed, several complications may arise, depending on the size, number, and location of the stones:

1. Blocked bile ducts: Gallstones can block the bile ducts, preventing bile from flowing from the gallbladder into the small intestine. This can cause:

- Jaundice: Buildup of bilirubin (a pigment in bile) can cause yellowing of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.

- Abdominal pain: Persistent pain in the upper right abdomen or just below the breastbone.

- Dark urine: Urine becomes darker in color due to increased levels of bilirubin.

- Clay-colored stools: Stools may appear pale or clay-colored due to the lack of bile pigments.

- Itching: Bile buildup can cause intense itching throughout the body.

2. Acute cholecystitis: Blockage of the cystic duct, which connects the gallbladder to the bile duct, can lead to inflammation and infection of the gallbladder, known as acute cholecystitis. Symptoms may include:

- Sudden, intense pain in the upper right abdomen

- Fever

- Nausea and vomiting

- Sensitivity to touch in the upper right abdomen

3. Chronic cholecystitis: Recurrent episodes of cholecystitis can lead to chronic cholecystitis, causing ongoing pain, inflammation, and thickening of the gallbladder.

4. Gallstone ileus: Rarely, a gallstone may move from the gallbladder into the small intestine, causing an obstruction known as gallstone ileus. This can lead to abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and bowel obstruction.

5. Cholangitis: If a gallstone blocks the common bile duct, it can cause a bacterial infection of the bile ducts called cholangitis. This condition is potentially serious and can lead to sepsis if left untreated. Symptoms include fever, chills, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and yellowed eyes.

6. Pancreatitis: In some cases, a gallstone can pass into the pancreatic duct and cause inflammation of the pancreas, leading to acute pancreatitis. Severe pain in the upper abdomen, nausea, vomiting, and fever are common symptoms.

The presence of gallstones doesn't always result in symptoms or complications. However, if you experience any of the symptoms mentioned above, it's essential to seek medical attention promptly for proper diagnosis and treatment.