How Prostate Cancer Forms and Spreads
1. Normal Prostate Gland
The prostate gland is a small, walnut-sized gland located just below the bladder in men. It surrounds the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the penis. The prostate gland produces seminal fluid, which helps to nourish and protect sperm.
2. Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PIN)
PIN is a condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lining of the prostate gland. PIN is not cancer, but it can increase the risk of developing prostate cancer.
3. Localized Prostate Cancer
Localized prostate cancer is confined to the prostate gland. It has not spread to other parts of the body. Localized prostate cancer is usually treated with surgery or radiation therapy.
4. Advanced Prostate Cancer
Advanced prostate cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the bones, lymph nodes, or lungs. Advanced prostate cancer is usually treated with hormone therapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy.
How Prostate Cancer Spreads
Prostate cancer can spread through the bloodstream or the lymphatic system. The bloodstream carries blood throughout the body, while the lymphatic system carries lymph fluid, which contains waste products from cells.
Prostate cancer cells can enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system through small channels in the prostate gland. Once in the bloodstream or lymphatic system, prostate cancer cells can travel to other parts of the body and form new tumors.
Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer
The risk of developing prostate cancer increases with age. Other risk factors for prostate cancer include:
* Race: African-American men are more likely to develop prostate cancer than men of other races.
* Family history: Men who have a father or brother with prostate cancer are more likely to develop the disease.
* Obesity: Obese men are more likely to develop prostate cancer than men who are not obese.
* Diet: A diet high in saturated fat and red meat may increase the risk of prostate cancer.
* Smoking: Smoking may increase the risk of prostate cancer.
Symptoms of Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer often does not cause any symptoms in the early stages. As the disease progresses, symptoms can include:
* Difficulty urinating
* Weak or interrupted urine flow
* Frequent urination, especially at night
* Pain or burning sensation during urination
* Blood in the urine or semen
* Pain in the lower back, hips, or pelvis
* Erectile dysfunction
If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, it is important to see your doctor right away. Early diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer can improve the chances of a successful outcome.