What are some of the treatment options for a person diagnosed with prostate cancer?
The treatment options for prostate cancer depend on various factors such as the stage and grade of the cancer, the patient's age and overall health, and personal preferences. Some of the common treatment options for prostate cancer include:
1. Active surveillance: This approach may be recommended for men with early-stage, low-grade prostate cancer. Active surveillance involves regular monitoring of the cancer through periodic prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests, digital rectal exams, and biopsies to track the cancer's progression. Treatment is initiated only if there are signs of disease progression.
2. Surgery: Surgical options for prostate cancer include:
- Radical prostatectomy: This surgery involves the removal of the entire prostate gland, along with some surrounding tissues. It can be performed through traditional open surgery, minimally invasive robotic surgery, or laparoscopic surgery.
- Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP): This surgery is primarily used to relieve urinary obstruction caused by an enlarged prostate. However, it can also be used to treat early-stage prostate cancer.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other forms of radiation to kill cancer cells. It can be delivered in various ways, including:
- External beam radiation therapy (EBRT): Radiation is directed at the prostate gland from an external source.
- Brachytherapy: Radioactive seeds or pellets are implanted directly into the prostate gland.
4. Hormone therapy: Hormone therapy aims to lower the levels of androgens (male hormones) that can stimulate prostate cancer growth. This can be achieved through:
- Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT): This involves the use of medications that block the production or action of androgens.
- Orchiectomy: Surgical removal of the testicles, the primary source of androgens.
5. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body. It is usually reserved for advanced prostate cancer that has spread beyond the prostate gland.
6. Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy drugs block specific molecules or proteins involved in the growth and survival of prostate cancer cells. Some targeted therapy options for prostate cancer include abiraterone, enzalutamide, and apalutamide.
7. Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy boosts the body's immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. It is an emerging treatment option for advanced prostate cancer.
The choice of treatment for prostate cancer is individualized based on various factors, and a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including urologists, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, and others, collaborates to develop the most appropriate treatment plan for each patient.