What is the standard treatment for prostate cancer?

The standard treatment for prostate cancer depends on the stage of the cancer and the patient's individual circumstances. The main treatment options include:

For localized prostate cancer (confined to the prostate gland):

* Active surveillance: Close monitoring of the cancer without immediate treatment, if the cancer is low-risk and slow-growing.

* Radical prostatectomy: Surgical removal of the entire prostate gland and surrounding tissues.

* Radiation therapy: Use of high-energy X-rays or other forms of radiation to kill cancer cells. This can be delivered externally (external beam radiation therapy) or internally (brachytherapy).

* Cryotherapy: Freezing of the prostate tissue to destroy cancer cells.

* High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU): Use of ultrasound waves to generate heat and destroy cancer cells.

* Photodynamic therapy (PDT): Use of a light-activated drug to kill cancer cells.

For locally advanced prostate cancer (extending beyond the prostate gland but still confined to the pelvis):

* Radical prostatectomy: With or without additional radiation therapy or hormone therapy.

* Radiation therapy: With or without additional hormone therapy.

* Combination therapy: Radiation therapy combined with hormone therapy or chemotherapy.

For metastatic prostate cancer (spread to other parts of the body):

* Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT): Hormone therapy to reduce the levels of testosterone, which can fuel the growth of prostate cancer.

* Chemotherapy: Use of drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body.

* Targeted therapy: Use of drugs that target specific molecules or pathways involved in the growth and survival of prostate cancer cells.

* Immunotherapy: Use of drugs to boost the body's immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.

It's important to discuss the recommended treatment options with a qualified healthcare professional, who can provide personalized advice based on the patient's individual case and consider their preferences and values.