What is radiofrequency ablation?
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a minimally-invasive medical procedure that utilises high-frequency alternating electrical current to destroy or ablate tissue. It involves using a needle electrode with a radiofrequency current that passes through the tip to heat and destroy targeted tissue.
Here's a detailed overview of radiofrequency ablation:
1. Procedure:
- RFA is typically performed on an outpatient basis, meaning the patient can go home the same day.
- Local anaesthesia is usually administered to ensure patient comfort during the procedure.
- Imaging guidance, such as ultrasound, MRI, or CT, is used to precisely guide the electrode needle to the target tissue.
2. Radiofrequency Current:
- A thin needle electrode is inserted into or near the target tissue under imaging guidance.
- High-frequency alternating electrical current is passed through the electrode, generating frictional heat that causes the tissue to heat up rapidly.
- The high temperature causes the tissue cells to undergo coagulation and necrosis (cell death), effectively destroying them.
3. Controlled Coagulation:
- The heat generated by RFA is carefully controlled to ensure precise destruction of the target tissue while minimising damage to surrounding healthy tissue.
- The temperature is monitored and adjusted during the procedure to achieve optimal results.
4. Tissue Ablation:
- The radiofrequency energy denatures proteins and disrupts blood flow within the tissue, leading to coagulation and apoptosis (programmed cell death) of the target cells.
- This process results in the destruction of the targeted tissue, effectively treating conditions like tumours or other abnormal growths.
5. Advantages of RFA:
- RFA offers several advantages over traditional surgical procedures:
- It's minimally invasive, requiring only small incisions or no incisions at all.
- There is less bleeding, pain, and scarring compared to open surgeries.
- Recovery time is typically faster, allowing patients to return to their activities sooner.
- It can be used to reach and treat tissues that may be difficult to access with traditional methods.
6. Applications:
- RFA is used to treat various conditions in different areas of the body, including:
- Liver tumours
- Kidney tumours
- Thyroid tumours
- Uterine fibroids
- Varicose veins
- Cardiac arrhythmias (Atrial fibrillation)
- Pain management (Chronic pain)
- Bone tumours
- Prostate enlargement (Benign prostatic hyperplasia)
7. Risks and Considerations:
- Like any medical procedure, RFA carries certain risks and limitations, including:
- Tissue damage beyond the intended target may occur.
- Bleeding or infection at the puncture site.
- Temporary discomfort or pain.
- In rare cases, damage to surrounding organs or nerves.
8. Patient Suitability:
- Patient selection is critical for successful RFA outcomes. Factors such as the size, location and type of tissue to be treated, as well as the patient's overall health, are carefully assessed to determine their suitability for the procedure.
Radiofrequency ablation is a safe, effective, and versatile treatment option that offers many benefits over traditional surgical procedures. However, it should only be performed by experienced and qualified healthcare professionals to ensure the best possible outcomes and minimise potential complications.