How are x-rays produced?

X-rays are produced when high-energy electrons are suddenly stopped by a metal target. This process is called bremsstrahlung, which is German for "braking radiation."

When the electrons strike the target, they interact with the metal atoms and lose their kinetic energy. This energy is converted into X-ray photons, which are emitted in all directions. The energy of the X-ray photons depends on the energy of the incident electrons.

The production of X-rays requires a high-energy electron beam. This beam is generated by an X-ray tube, which consists of a cathode, an anode, and a high-voltage power supply. The cathode is heated to emit electrons, while the anode is made of a heavy metal, such as tungsten. The high-voltage power supply accelerates the electrons towards the anode.

When the electrons strike the anode, they are suddenly stopped and X-rays are emitted. The X-rays are then collimated, or focused, into a beam that can be used for imaging or other purposes.

X-rays are used in a variety of applications, including medical imaging, security screening, and materials testing. In medical imaging, X-rays are used to create images of the inside of the body. In security screening, X-rays are used to detect weapons and other contraband. In materials testing, X-rays are used to identify defects in materials.