What does emphysema result in?

Destruction of Alveoli: Emphysema is a progressive disease characterized by the destruction of the alveoli. Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange takes place during respiration. As the alveoli are damaged and destroyed, the exchange of gases becomes impaired, leading to various complications and symptoms.

Reduced Lung Surface Area: The destruction of alveoli reduces the overall lung surface area available for gas exchange. This reduction in surface area makes it more difficult for the lungs to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide effectively. As a result, patients with emphysema experience shortness of breath, especially during physical activity.

Air Trapping: Emphysema causes damage to the elastic recoil properties of the lungs. This impairs the ability of the lungs to recoil and expel air during exhalation. As a result, air becomes trapped in the damaged alveoli, leading to a condition called air trapping. Air trapping further contributes to shortness of breath and difficulty breathing.

Hypoxia: Due to the reduced exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in damaged alveoli, individuals with emphysema often experience a deficiency of oxygen in their bloodstream, known as hypoxia. Hypoxia can lead to a range of complications, including fatigue, confusion, impaired mental function, and eventually respiratory failure.

Increased Work of Breathing: As emphysema progresses, the destruction of alveoli and air trapping increase the resistance to airflow in the lungs. This makes breathing more difficult, requiring a greater effort to inhale and exhale. The increased work of breathing can cause shortness of breath, fatigue, and a reduced ability to perform physical activities.

Right Heart Failure: Emphysema can lead to the development of pulmonary hypertension, a condition characterized by high pressure in the blood vessels of the lungs. Pulmonary hypertension can strain the right side of the heart, leading to right heart failure. Right heart failure can cause fluid buildup in the body (edema), swelling in the legs and ankles, and reduced exercise capacity.