How is laryngeal cancer diagnosed?

Diagnosing laryngeal cancer typically involves several steps:

1. Medical History and Physical Examination:

- The doctor takes a detailed medical history, including assessing any current symptoms and risk factors.

- A physical examination is performed, focusing on the neck and throat area, including the larynx.

2. Laryngoscopy:

- This procedure involves using a thin, flexible tube with a camera (laryngoscope) to visualize the larynx and vocal cords. The doctor inserts the laryngoscope through the nose or mouth to examine the vocal cords and surrounding structures.

3. Biopsy:

- If any concerning or abnormal areas are observed during laryngoscopy, a biopsy may be performed. During a biopsy, a small tissue sample is collected from the suspicious area for further examination and laboratory testing.

4. Imaging Tests:

- Computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans can be used to evaluate the extent and location of the cancer. These tests help determine the stage of the cancer and assess the surrounding structures.

5. Biomarker Testing:

- Biomarker tests may be performed on the tumor tissue to identify specific genetic alterations or molecular markers. This information can guide treatment decisions and provide information on targeted therapies.

6. Blood Tests:

- Blood tests may be ordered to assess overall health and check for any potential indicators of cancer, such as elevated levels of certain tumor markers.

7. PET-CT Scan:

- In some cases, a PET-CT scan may be recommended. It combines a PET scan, which shows metabolic activity, with a CT scan, providing detailed information about the tumor's location and spread.

8. Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA):

- For some laryngeal lesions, a fine needle aspiration biopsy may be performed during laryngoscopy. A thin needle is inserted through the skin or mouth to collect cells for examination.

9. Bronchoscopy:

- In some cases, a bronchoscopy may be performed to evaluate the airways and potentially identify any involvement of the tumor in the trachea or bronchi.

10. Multidisciplinary Team Evaluation:

- Laryngeal cancer cases are often discussed in a multidisciplinary tumor board, which includes various specialists such as otolaryngologists (ear, nose, and throat specialists), oncologists, radiologists, and pathologists. This collaborative approach ensures an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan.