|  | Conditions Treatments | Allergies

Different Kinds of Allergies

The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) estimates that allergies affect 40 million to 50 million Americans each year. The symptoms are often mild or moderate. They may resolve on their own or with the use of over-the-counter medications. However, many people suffer from chronic or severe allergies. These individuals seek medical treatment to improve their quality of life. There are many different kinds of allergies. Sometimes the cause of an allergic reaction can be pinpointed; in other cases, the specific cause remains unknown or "idiopathic."

  1. Facts

    • Allergy symptoms are caused by the body's immune system overreacting to harmless substances. Antibodies cause certain tissue cells to release a protein called histamine. This causes blood vessel walls to become permeable. Fluids are released into the surrounding tissue, causing inflammation. Symptoms may include a runny nose; congestion; sneezing; coughing; and itchy, watery eyes. Skin reactions such as rashes and hives are also common. Infrequently, allergic reactions can cause anaphylactic shock. Histamine can also make muscles around the airways contract, triggering an asthma attack.

    Airborne Allergies

    • Airborne allergies are the most widespread type of allergy. According to NIAID, hay fever is one of the most common ailments in the United States. Pollen, mold and dust mites are frequent culprits. Dust mites can be controlled by replacing carpet with solid flooring and frequently cleaning upholstery and bedding. Allergy sufferers sometimes choose to stay indoors when the National Allergy Bureau reports high pollen or mold counts. Treatments include oral antihistamines, nasal sprays and allergy shots.

    Food Allergies

    • Peanuts, tree nuts and seafood are the most prevalent food allergens. Many people also respond adversely to milk, eggs, wheat or soy products. Reactions can manifest as skin rashes, gastrointestinal pain, vomiting and diarrhea. Food allergies affect less than 4 percent of the population but are the most common cause of anaphylaxis. This life-threatening condition is characterized by numerous symptoms, including low blood pressure, fainting, hives and difficulty breathing. Angioedema often occurs at the same time and can cause the throat to swell shut. Treatment for anaphylaxis includes an epinephrine shot followed by antihistamines and steroids.

    Drug Allergies

    • Penicillin, sulfa drugs and codeine are the most common medications known to cause allergic side effects. Certain buffering agents in preparations such as insulin can also trigger reactions. Drug allergies can cause moderate to severe responses such as hives, vomiting or difficulty breathing. Medical personnel must keep accurate records to ensure that individuals with a history of drug allergies are not accidentally administered medications that cause adverse reactions. Some people choose to wear a medical alert bracelet as an additional safeguard.

    Insect Allergies

    • Bee, wasp and ant stings can cause serious allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis in some individuals. Pocket-size EpiPens are sometimes prescribed by physicians for people who have a history of anaphylactic reactions to insect stings. Various insect bites can trigger urticaria (hives). These appear as raised areas of inflamed skin that can be several inches across. An ice pack can be used to temporarily soothe itching or painful hives. Oral antihistamines generally resolve this condition.

    Pet Allergies

    • The fur, saliva and dander of household pets such as dogs and cats contain substances that trigger reactions when particles become airborne. Pet allergy symptoms often include sneezing, a runny nose, itchy eyes and sinus pain. Some owners choose to treat their pets' allergies with medication. Others decide to stop keeping pets or choose animals that do not have fur.

Allergies - Related Articles