Alzheimer's Patients: Diet & Nutrition

Proper diet and nutrition can be a challenge when caring for an Alzheimer's disease patient. When issues with diet and nutrition are not addressed, malnutrition and dehydration may develop. These problems can lead to physical frailty and a weakened immune system. Increased confusion and stress can also develop, making it more difficult for the patient to deal with Alzheimer's.

Obstacles to Good Diet & Nutrition

• Someone suffering from Alzheimer's disease may have physical issues that interfere with his ability to eat well. Dentures that do not fit properly are a common problem. Caregivers should check to make sure dentures fit properly and that the mouth is free of sores. Other diseases and conditions such as depression, diabetes and digestive problems can cause a decrease in appetite. Treatment for these conditions may improve appetite. Some medications such as antidepressants, certain antibiotics, arthritis drugs and heart medications may decrease appetite. The patient's doctor may be able to prescribe an alternative that does not affect appetite.

  There may other underlying issues that make eating less pleasant for an Alzheimer's patient. The senses of smell and taste diminish with age, making food seem less appealing. Someone in the early stages of Alzheimer's may simply forget to eat. A phone call may be needed to remind the patient to eat. When preparing meals for someone suffering from Alzheimer's, attempt to avoid things that may cause distraction or agitation, such as the television or background noise. Try to keep the individual's likes and dislikes in mind when preparing food, and be respectful of preferred eating styles.

  Mealtimes become more challenging as the disease progresses. The patient may forget proper table manners or how to use utensils. In the later stages of Alzheimer's, problems with swallowing can develop.

Ways to Encourage Good Diet and Nutrition

• Good diet and nutrition can be encouraged in an Alzheimer's patient by making mealtime as pleasant and comfortable as possible. Keep table settings simple and use slip-proof mats under dishes. Remember that finger foods or food that can be eaten with a large-handled spoon are easier to handle and encourage independence. If it is too difficult for the individual to sit through three large meals, try providing several small meals throughout the day. Serving one or two food items at a time can help to avoid overwhelming the person with too many choices. Make sure all food is the proper temperature, because someone suffering from Alzheimer's may not be able to tell if it is too hot.

  During mealtime, remember to be patient and not rush the Alzheimer's patient. If she needs help, speak slowly and clearly when giving instructions. Instructions should be simple with only one or two steps. Give her the opportunity to dine with others for as long as possible.

Considerations

• Always be alert for signs of choking, especially as the disease progresses. Avoid hard foods that are difficult to chew and swallow, such as nuts and raw carrots. The person should be encouraged to sit up straight with his head tilted slightly forward. If the patient is in the advanced stages of Alzheimer's, check his mouth after eating to ensure all food was swallowed. Caregivers should know the Heimlich maneuver in case of any choking incidents. If the patient loses a substantial amount of weight in a short time, consult the doctor immediately.