What Is Amniotic Fluid Embolism?

Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare but serious complication of pregnancy that occurs when amniotic fluid and fetal material enter the mother's bloodstream. This can cause a severe allergic reaction, leading to respiratory distress, cardiovascular collapse, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

AFE is a leading cause of maternal death in the United States, accounting for up to 15% of all pregnancy-related deaths. The exact cause of AFE is unknown, but it is thought to be caused by a combination of factors, including:

- Rupture of the amniotic membranes

- Passage of amniotic fluid and fetal material into the maternal circulation

- Activation of the complement cascade, which is a part of the immune system

- Release of inflammatory mediators, which can cause widespread damage to the lungs, heart, and other organs

Symptoms of AFE can include:

- Sudden shortness of breath

- Chest pain

- Coughing up frothy, pink sputum

- Rapid heart rate

- Low blood pressure

- Seizures

- Coma

AFE is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. The goal of treatment is to support the mother's vital signs and prevent further complications. Treatment may include:

- Oxygen therapy

- Intravenous fluids

- Blood transfusions

- Medications to stop bleeding and improve heart function

- Emergency delivery of the baby

The prognosis for AFE depends on the severity of the condition and the promptness of treatment. With early diagnosis and treatment, the majority of women who experience AFE survive. However, AFE can be fatal in up to 20% of cases.

Preventing AFE is not always possible, but there are some things that women can do to reduce their risk, including:

- Avoiding activities that could rupture the amniotic membranes, such as contact sports or vigorous exercise

- Getting prompt medical attention for any signs of preterm labor

- Following the doctor's instructions for prenatal care