What parts of the respiratory system are affected in asthma attacks?

In asthma, the airways (bronchi) in the lungs become inflamed, narrow, and produce extra mucus. This makes breathing difficult and can trigger asthma attacks. The following are the main parts of the respiratory system affected in asthma attacks:

1. Bronchi: The bronchi are the main airways that carry air in and out of the lungs. During an asthma attack, the muscles surrounding the bronchi contract, causing the airways to narrow. This is called bronchoconstriction.

2. Bronchioles: The bronchioles are smaller branches of the bronchi that lead to the alveoli (tiny air sacs) in the lungs. Inflammation and constriction of the bronchioles also contribute to airflow obstruction during an asthma attack.

3. Mucus-Producing Glands: The airways are lined with mucus-producing glands. In asthma, these glands produce excessive amounts of thick, sticky mucus that can further narrow the airways and make breathing difficult.

4. Alveoli: The alveoli are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange takes place. In severe asthma attacks, the alveoli may become damaged or filled with fluid, leading to respiratory distress.

5. Diaphragm and Intercostal Muscles: The diaphragm and intercostal muscles are the primary muscles involved in breathing. During an asthma attack, the increased effort required to breathe can strain these muscles, leading to shortness of breath and fatigue.

These components of the respiratory system work together to regulate airflow and gas exchange in the lungs. When asthma affects these structures, it disrupts the normal breathing process, leading to the characteristic symptoms of an asthma attack, such as wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.