What happen to the respiratory system during an asthma attack?
During an asthma attack, several changes occur within the respiratory system:
1. Bronchoconstriction: The muscles around the airways (bronchi) contract, causing the airways to narrow and making it harder for air to flow through. This is the main cause of the breathing difficulty and wheezing experienced during an asthma attack.
2. Inflammation: The airways become inflamed, leading to swelling, increased mucus production, and additional narrowing of the airways. The inflammation is caused by the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes, and cytokines.
3. Increased Mucus Production: The cells in the airways produce excessive amounts of thick, sticky mucus. This mucus clogs the narrowed airways, further obstructing airflow and making it more difficult to breathe.
4. Coughing: The body's natural response to the irritation and obstruction caused by asthma is coughing. Coughing can help to expel some of the mucus and clear the airways, but it can also be tiring and further irritate the airways.
5. Rapid Breathing: In an attempt to get more air into the lungs, the person may breathe faster and shallower. This rapid breathing can lead to further fatigue and discomfort.
6. Chest Tightness: The combination of bronchoconstriction, inflammation, and increased mucus production can lead to a feeling of chest tightness or pressure. This is because the airways are restricted, making it difficult for air to move in and out of the lungs.
7. Shortness of Breath: As a result of the narrowed airways and increased airflow resistance, the person experiences shortness of breath or dyspnea. This is a feeling of not being able to get enough air into the lungs.
If an asthma attack is severe, it can lead to a significant reduction in airflow, dangerously low oxygen levels in the blood, and potential respiratory failure. It's important for people with asthma to have an asthma action plan and to know when to use their quick-relief medications (bronchodilators) and seek medical attention if their symptoms worsen or do not respond to medication.