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AO Spine Fracture Classifications

There are two major ways of classifying spine fractures: the Denis classification and the AO classification. The AO system of classifying fractures was developed by the AO Foundation, a nonprofit organization run by a group of surgeons interested in treating problems of the musculoskeletal system.

  1. Type A Fracture

    • Type A spine fractures are compression and burst fractures. These fractures usually occur in the low lumbar spine and can be exacerbated by preexisting conditions, such as osteoporosis and bone cancer. They usually occur because of a strong and sudden impact that causes part or all of a vertebra to break or shatter.

    Type B Fracture

    • The type B fracture, according to the AO classification, is a flexion-distraction fracture. While the spine is able to freely move forward, if it is suddenly and stressfully propelled in that direction, one or several of the vertebrae in the spine may crack from the trauma. The type B spine fracture is uncommon.

    Type C Fracture

    • A type C spine fracture occurs when a person has a type A or B fracture that is also dislocated--otherwise termed a fracture-dislocation. This combination of vertebra or vertebrae being broken and then moved from normal position makes the spine extremely unstable.

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