What will red blood cells do if mixed with antibodies?

If red blood cells are mixed with antibodies that are specific to their surface antigens, the antibodies will bind to the antigens and cause the red blood cells to clump together in a process called agglutination. This agglutination can lead to the destruction of the red blood cells, which can result in anemia.

The severity of the reaction depends on the number of antibodies present and the strength of the binding between the antibodies and the antigens. In some cases, a small number of antibodies may only cause mild agglutination, while in other cases, a large number of antibodies can cause complete destruction of the red blood cells.

The most common type of antibody-mediated red blood cell destruction is called hemolytic anemia. Hemolytic anemia can be caused by a variety of factors, including autoimmune disorders, infections, and certain medications. In autoimmune hemolytic anemia, the body's immune system produces antibodies that attack its own red blood cells. In infectious hemolytic anemia, antibodies are produced in response to an infection, and these antibodies can cross-react with red blood cells. Certain medications, such as penicillin and cephalosporins, can also bind to red blood cells and cause hemolytic anemia.

The symptoms of hemolytic anemia can include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, and jaundice. In severe cases, hemolytic anemia can be fatal. Treatment for hemolytic anemia typically involves stopping the cause of the antibody production, such as treating an infection or stopping a medication. In some cases, blood transfusions may be necessary to replace the destroyed red blood cells.