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The Effects of CO2 in the Bloodstream

CO2, or carbon dioxide, plays an important role in the human body despite being a waste product. As the respiratory system draws in oxygen, carbon dioxide is released from the body's cells. A reduction in carbon dioxide would result in a reduction in oxygen, leading to potentially deadly circumstances. Too much or too little carbon dioxide can also interfere with normal body functions.

  1. Carbon Dioxide in Normal Functioning

    • In normal respiratory function, oxygen and carbon dioxide are both responsible for healthy functioning. As a human takes breath, oxygen is pulled into the lungs while carbon dioxide is expelled from the lungs. The carbon dioxide then travels through the pulmonary capillary bloodstream. In the absence of the gas exchange that occurs in the body, humans would not be able to draw in oxygen for use in metabolic activity.

    Carbon Dioxide Retention

    • In cases of carbon dioxide retention, also known as respiratory acidosis, the body cannot remove as much carbon dioxide as it produces. Those suffering from this condition may have a flushed appearance, fatigue, confusion or lethargy, breathing problems or twitching muscles. An underlying medical condition is usually responsible for the onset of carbon dioxide retention. Drugs, oxygen or mechanical ventilation may be used to treat the condition causing carbon dioxide retention. If left untreated, shock, respiratory failure or death could result.

    Carbon Dioxide Shortage

    • Low levels of carbon dioxide in the blood, called hypocapnia, can cause physical disturbances in the body also. Victims may report a sense of anxiety or fear, dizziness or visual problems and blackouts. A low carbon dioxide level inhibits blood from traveling about the body, including to the brain. Those suffering from hypocapnia should seek immediate emergency medical care.

    Conditions affecting Carbon Dioxide Levels

    • There are several conditions that could lead to hypercapnia, excessive carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, and hypocapnia, the shortage of carbon dioxide. In hypercapnia, airway diseases like asthma, diseases of the chest, nerves, or muscles, or depressants like alcohol can contribute to the condition. Obesity can also play a role. In hypocapnia, victims may see the onset of symptoms because of the treatment of other conditions, such as high blood pressure. Hypocapnia can also be caused by hyperventilation.

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