What are the steps of a healing fracture?

The healing of a fracture involves several stages:

1. Hematoma Formation: Immediately after a fracture occurs, blood vessels rupture and form a hematoma (blood clot) at the fracture site. This hematoma provides a scaffold for the healing process.

2. Inflammation: Within a few hours of the injury, inflammation sets in. This inflammatory response brings white blood cells and other immune cells to the area, which help clear away damaged tissue and debris.

3. Fibrocartilage Callus Formation: During the first few weeks after the fracture, a fibrocartilage callus forms around the fracture site. This callus is made up of collagen fibers and other connective tissue that provide temporary stabilization to the fracture.

4. Bony Callus Formation: As healing progresses, the fibrocartilage callus starts to mineralize and harden, forming a bony callus. This bony callus strengthens the fracture site and provides additional stability.

5. Remodelling: In the final stage of healing, the bony callus undergoes remodelling, which involves the reshaping and smoothing out of the new bone formation. This process can take several months to complete.

Throughout the healing process, specialized cells called osteoblasts and osteoclasts work together to build new bone tissue and remove damaged bone, respectively, contributing to the gradual repair of the fracture.