What is encroachment upon the neural foramen?

Encroachment upon the neural foramen refers to the narrowing or compression of the opening through which spinal nerves exit the spinal column. This can occur due to various reasons, such as:

1. Herniated Discs: A herniated or slipped disc can protrude and press on the neural foramen, leading to nerve root irritation and pain.

2. Osteophytes (Bone Spurs): As part of the ageing process or degenerative conditions like osteoarthritis, bony growths called osteophytes can develop around the edges of the vertebrae and encroach upon the neural foramina.

3. Spinal Stenosis: This condition involves the narrowing of the spinal canal and can cause impingement on the neural foramina. Spinal stenosis can occur due to various factors, including ageing, bulging discs, thickened ligaments, or bone overgrowth.

4. Spondylolisthesis: A condition in which one vertebra slips forward over another can result in narrowing of the neural foramina.

5. Tumors: The growth of cancerous or non-cancerous tumors within the spinal canal or near the neural foramina can lead to encroachment and nerve compression.

The encroachment upon the neural foramen can cause irritation, compression, or damage to the spinal nerves, resulting in symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, weakness, or muscle dysfunction in the areas supplied by the affected nerves. Treatment options for encroachment upon the neural foramen may include conservative measures like pain medication, physical therapy, or injections, or surgical intervention in severe cases.