What are cortical pyramidal neurons?

Cortical pyramidal neurons are the most abundant type of neuron in the cerebral cortex, the outermost layer of the brain. They are also known as principal cells or projection neurons. Cortical pyramidal neurons have a characteristic pyramidal shape, with a large soma (cell body) and multiple dendrites (branches) that receive input from other neurons. The axon (output) of a cortical pyramidal neuron projects to other neurons in the cerebral cortex, as well as to other brain regions.

Cortical pyramidal neurons are involved in a wide range of cognitive functions, including perception, memory, and decision-making. They are also thought to play a role in consciousness. The complex branching of their dendrites allows them to receive input from a large number of other neurons, and their long axons allow them to send output to many different brain regions. This extensive connectivity is essential for the complex computations that take place in the cerebral cortex.

Cortical pyramidal neurons are also the main target of neurotransmitters, such as glutamate and GABA. Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, while GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter. The balance of excitatory and inhibitory input to cortical pyramidal neurons determines whether they fire an action potential.

The activity of cortical pyramidal neurons is also influenced by neuromodulators, such as dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline. Neuromodulators can alter the excitability of cortical pyramidal neurons and affect their firing patterns. This can lead to changes in cognitive function and behavior.

Cortical pyramidal neurons are critical for the proper functioning of the cerebral cortex. Their complex connectivity and responsiveness to neurotransmitters and neuromodulators allow them to carry out a wide range of cognitive functions.