What Is Neuroblastoma?

Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that develops in the sympathetic nervous system. This complex network of nerves runs along the spine and branches out to reach vital organs such as the heart, lungs, stomach, and adrenal glands.

Neuroblastoma primarily affects young children, accounting for approximately 15% of all cancers diagnosed in infants under the age of one. It can occur before birth (congenital neuroblastoma) or may develop in the first few years of life. Most cases are diagnosed before the child reaches five years of age.

The origins of neuroblastoma can be traced back to the early stages of embryonic development, specifically involving cells known as "neuroblasts." During embryo formation, neuroblasts proliferate and eventually transform into mature nerve cells. In individuals with neuroblastoma, a genetic mutation causes normal neuroblasts to multiply uncontrollably and form a tumor mass.

The signs and symptoms of neuroblastoma can vary depending on the tumor's location and its extent of growth. Common signs include a painless abdominal mass, bone pain, fever, irritability, and weight loss. In addition, some neuroblastomas may release hormones that lead to elevated blood pressure or diarrhea.

Early detection and prompt treatment are crucial in combating neuroblastoma. When diagnosed at an early stage, neuroblastoma may have a relatively high cure rate, especially if the tumor is contained and has not spread. Treatment options typically involve surgery to remove the tumor, along with additional therapies such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplant.