What is syringohydromyelia?

Syringohydromyelia (SHM) is a condition in which a fluid-filled cavity (syrinx) develops within the spinal cord. This can cause a variety of symptoms, including pain, weakness, numbness, and difficulty with coordination.

Causes

SHM is often caused by a blockage in the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including:

- Arnold-Chiari malformation: This is a condition in which part of the cerebellum (the back part of the brain) protrudes through an opening in the skull and into the spinal canal.

- Trauma: An injury to the spinal cord can damage the tissues that produce CSF, leading to a buildup of fluid and the formation of a syrinx.

- Infection: An infection of the spinal cord or surrounding tissues can cause inflammation and scarring, which can block the flow of CSF.

- Tumors: A tumor in the spinal cord or surrounding tissues can also block the flow of CSF.

Symptoms

The symptoms of SHM can vary depending on the location and size of the syrinx. Some of the most common symptoms include:

- Pain: Pain is often the first symptom of SHM. It may be felt in the back, neck, or arms and legs. The pain can be sharp, burning, or aching, and it may be constant or intermittent.

- Weakness: Weakness in the arms and legs is another common symptom of SHM. The weakness may be mild or severe, and it may affect one side of the body more than the other.

- Numbness: Numbness or tingling sensations in the arms and legs are also common symptoms of SHM. The numbness may be constant or intermittent, and it may come and go in waves.

- Difficulty with coordination: SHM can also cause difficulty with coordination, balance, and walking. This may be due to the weakness, numbness, and pain that are associated with the condition.

- Incontinence: Difficulty with bladder and bowel control can be a symptom of SHM. This is due to the fact that the syrinx can damage the nerves that control these functions.

Diagnosis

SHM is diagnosed based on a variety of factors, including the patient's symptoms, a physical examination, and imaging studies. Imaging studies, such as MRI scans, can show the syrinx and its location within the spinal cord.

Treatment

The treatment of SHM depends on the severity of the symptoms and the underlying cause. Treatment options may include:

- Medication: Medications can be used to relieve pain, weakness, and numbness.

- Surgery: Surgery may be necessary to drain the syrinx or to remove the underlying cause of the condition.

- Physical therapy: Physical therapy can help to improve strength, flexibility, and balance.

- Occupational therapy: Occupational therapy can help to improve the patient's ability to perform everyday activities.

Outlook

The outlook for SHM depends on the severity of the condition and the underlying cause. With proper treatment, many people with SHM can live full and active lives.