What causes Extrahepatic cholestasis?

Intrahepatic causes:

- Viral hepatitis (A, B, C, and E)

- Drug-induced cholestasis (e.g., erythromycin, estrogens, anabolic steroids, chlorpromazine, phenothiazines)

- Alcoholic liver disease

- Autoimmune hepatitis

- Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)

- Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)

- Cholangiocarcinoma

- Hepatic metastases

- Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)

- Total anomalous portal venous drainage (TAPVD)

Extrahepatic causes:

- Biliary atresia

- Choledocholithiasis (gallstones in the common bile duct)

- Pancreatitis

- Ampullary carcinoma

- Stricture of the common bile duct

- Cholangiocarcinoma (cancer of the bile ducts)

- Sclerosing cholangitis (inflammation and scarring of the bile ducts)

- Radiation therapy

- Ischemia (inadequate blood flow) to the liver or bile ducts

- Trauma to the liver or bile ducts

- Primary sclerosing cholangitis (a chronic liver disease that affects the bile ducts)