Diabetes and What to Know

Diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia). It occurs when the body either doesn't produce enough insulin or doesn't use insulin effectively. Here are key things to know about diabetes:

1. Types of Diabetes:

- Type 1 Diabetes: This is an autoimmune disease where the pancreas doesn't produce insulin. It usually develops in children and young adults.

- Type 2 Diabetes: This is the most common form of diabetes and is linked to lifestyle factors and genetics. It often develops in adulthood and is characterized by insulin resistance and insufficient insulin production.

2. Risk Factors:

- Family history of diabetes

- Obesity or overweight

- Physical inactivity

- Unhealthy diet

- High blood pressure

- High cholesterol

- History of gestational diabetes

- Certain genetic variations

3. Symptoms:

- Frequent urination

- Excessive thirst

- Increased hunger

- Fatigue

- Blurred vision

- Slow-healing sores

- Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet

- Weight loss (in type 1 diabetes)

4. Diagnosis:

- Fasting blood glucose test

- Oral glucose tolerance test

- Random blood glucose test (used for emergencies)

- Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test (indicates average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months)

5. Treatment:

- Type 1 Diabetes: Requires lifelong insulin therapy, either through injections or an insulin pump.

- Type 2 Diabetes: Treatment options may include lifestyle changes (diet, exercise), oral medications, and/or insulin.

6. Complications:

- Cardiovascular disease

- Kidney disease (diabetic nephropathy)

- Nerve damage (diabetic neuropathy)

- Eye damage (diabetic retinopathy)

- Skin infections

- Foot ulcers

7. Prevention:

- Eat a balanced diet rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins

- Engage in regular physical activity

- Maintain a healthy weight

- Quit smoking

- Manage blood pressure and cholesterol levels

8. Monitoring and Management:

- Regular blood glucose monitoring

- HbA1c testing to track long-term blood glucose control

- Foot exams to check for nerve damage and ulcers

- Eye exams to detect retinopathy

- Monitoring for kidney function

- Regular doctor visits

Remember that diabetes management is highly individualized and it's essential to consult with a healthcare professional for accurate diagnosis, treatment, and ongoing monitoring.