What is the Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that affects the body's ability to convert food into energy. Key features of the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes include:

Insulin resistance: Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream. In type 2 diabetes, cells in the muscles, liver, and fat tissue become resistant to the effects of insulin. This means that glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of being used for energy.

Impaired insulin secretion: In addition to insulin resistance, people with type 2 diabetes often have impaired insulin secretion. This means that the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin to overcome the body's resistance to insulin.

Increased glucose production: The liver produces glucose as a source of energy for the body. In people with type 2 diabetes, the liver produces too much glucose, which contributes to high blood sugar levels.

Other factors: Other factors that contribute to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes include genetics, obesity, physical inactivity, and certain medications.

Genetic factors: Type 2 diabetes has a strong genetic component, and individuals with a family history of the condition are at increased risk of developing the disease.

Obesity: Obesity is a significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes, and excess body fat, especially around the waist, can contribute to insulin resistance.

Physical inactivity: A sedentary lifestyle can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes, as physical activity helps improve insulin sensitivity.

Certain medications: Some medications, such as steroids and beta-blockers, can cause insulin resistance and increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.

The pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes is complex and involves multiple factors. Understanding these factors is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and manage the condition.