Why diabete insulin cannot made a pill same as diabete?

There several challenges in developing insulin in pill form that make it difficult to produce as a pill similar to other diabetes medications. Here's why:

Digestive Enzymes: Insulin is a protein that is broken down by digestive enzymes in the stomach and intestines. If taken orally, insulin would be degraded and become ineffective before reaching the bloodstream.

Absorption: Insulin needs to be absorbed into the bloodstream to work. The intestinal lining, where most oral medications are absorbed, is not an efficient pathway for insulin absorption.

First-Pass Metabolism: When taken orally, insulin would undergo first-pass metabolism in the liver, where it is further broken down and eliminated before entering the systemic circulation. This would reduce its bioavailability.

Insulin Stability: Insulin is a relatively unstable molecule and can be affected by changes in pH, temperature, and enzymes. Formulating insulin in a pill that maintains its stability and protects it from degradation is challenging.

Size of the Molecule: Insulin molecules are relatively large compared to small molecule oral drugs. This makes it difficult to deliver them efficiently across the intestinal barrier and into the bloodstream.

Need for Precise Dosing: Insulin doses need to be precisely controlled to manage blood sugar levels effectively. It is more challenging to achieve this precision with an oral formulation compared to injectable insulin, where the dose can be accurately measured and administered.

Due to these challenges, insulin therapy has traditionally been delivered through injections or insulin pumps to ensure proper absorption, stability, and precise dosing. While research is ongoing to develop oral insulin formulations, significant barriers must be overcome before they can replace injectable insulin as a practical and effective treatment for diabetes.