How does alcohol increase insulin sensitivity?

Alcohol has biphasic effects on insulin sensitivity. Acute moderate alcohol consumption (around 1-2 standard drinks) can transiently increase insulin sensitivity, while chronic heavy alcohol use (more than 3 drinks per day for women and 4 drinks per day for men) can lead to insulin resistance.

Acute moderate alcohol consumption may improve insulin sensitivity by:

- Increasing insulin secretion by stimulating the release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells.

- Inhibiting the activity of glucagon, a hormone that opposes the effects of insulin.

- Promoting glucose uptake into muscle and fat cells through the activation of insulin signaling pathways.

However, chronic heavy alcohol consumption impairs insulin sensitivity and can contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes. This is because alcohol can cause cellular damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation, all of which can lead to insulin resistance. Additionally, chronic alcohol use can alter the composition of gut microbiota, which can also impact insulin sensitivity.

Therefore, while acute moderate alcohol consumption may have some beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity, chronic heavy alcohol use is detrimental and should be avoided. Individuals with diabetes or those at risk of diabetes should be particularly cautious about alcohol intake and should consult with their doctor before consuming alcohol.