Definition of Gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis is a condition that causes inflammation and irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, which includes the stomach and intestines. It happens when the gastrointestinal tract is infected by bacteria and parasites, because of the consumption of contaminated food and water. Viral gastroenteritis is contagious, so contact with an infected person should be avoided. Although it is also called "stomach flu" by some people, it is not related to influenza at all. Gastroenteritis is the second most frequent sickness in the United States.

Causes

• Gastroenteritis is caused by both bacteria and viruses. Viral infections of the gastrointestinal tract don't last more than 2 days, while bacterial infections last for a week or longer. Bacteria cause gastroenteritis by directly infecting the stomach and intestine lining. The other main cause is viral infections because of improper hygiene practices. Another less frequent cause is the consumption of toxins found in some foods. Some medications can also cause viral infections as a side effect.

Symptoms

• The major symptoms of gastroenteritis are vomiting and diarrhea. Other common symptoms include headaches, low-intensity fever, abdominal bloating, stomach aches and nausea. If the condition becomes severe, it can cause high fever, blood in vomit, prolonged vomiting and excessive dehydration. Gastroenteritis caused by bacterial infections usually causes mild symptoms, while the intensity of the symptoms depends on what virus infects the system.

Treatment

• The most troublesome aspect of gastroenteritis, in both adults and children, is dehydration. Prolonged vomiting and diarrhea can cause excessive loss of fluids, which can be countered by drinking lots of water. Patients should be careful not to drink too much water too quickly, because it can cause bloating and nausea. Adults should drink clear fluids for the first 24 hours and then progress to juices. If the conditions persist, medication is available to treat the bacterial infection.

Prevention

• People can reduce the chances of contracting bacterial or viral infections by washing their hands frequently and properly disinfecting areas and articles of frequent use. Soiled clothing is a breeding ground for bacteria and viruses and should be washed right away. There are vaccines available for some kind of viruses that cause gastroenteritis. People who are lactose intolerant are more susceptible, but they can use supplements that assist in lactose digestion.

Medication

• Although gastroenteritis is not a serious condition and can be treated by proper hydration, in some cases the symptoms can become particularly bothersome. Antibiotics help treat bacterial infections. Medications such as Compazine and Zofran help stop vomiting. Lomotil and Imodium are used to treat diarrhea caused by the intake of toxins.