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Definition of Special Needs

Within different segments of society, individuals who face physical, mental or emotional challenges may qualify for special treatment or benefits. In most instances, the label of "special needs" applies to mental or physical disabilities or circumstances that create an exceptional situation requiring individualized educational programs, physical accessibility or primary care requirements.

  1. School

    • Children who suffer from a physical disability are considered "special needs," and public schools must comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) regulations in order to provide a safe physical environment for the child. In addition, children who demonstrate an emotional, behavioral or mental disability may qualify for an individual education plan (IEP) that provides specialized educational instruction, customized to the child's own needs.

    Adoption & Foster Care

    • In order to find safe homes for disadvantaged children, Congress passed the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997, which defined a "special needs" child as one who was older than preschool age, had one or more siblings who required group placement, or a child who exhibited a mental, emotional or physical disability. Each state has its own definition of what constitutes a "special needs" child. (See Resources.)

    Insurance

    • Children who demonstrate physical or mental disabilities may qualify to receive special needs benefits in the form of childcare, health insurance or personal nursing assistance. In addition, adults who suffer from a disorder that affects their ability to earn a wage and live safely may qualify for individualized assistance through Medicaid or other state-sponsored special needs programs.

    Infant and Preschool

    • Many states have programs for the early screening of babies and toddlers in order to identify a special needs child and provide him with early intervention assistance. Children who qualify for assistance include those with mental retardation, those with a developmental disorder (such as autism), children who have a physical disability, and those with behavioral problems, such as attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD).

    Adult

    • Local community efforts are the first line of defense in caring for adults with special needs. These needs include physical disabilities, mental or emotional disorders and behavioral problems that prevent the adult from leading a normal life. Although Medicaid offers health and disability-related assistance for those who qualify through its Targeted Case Management (TCM) program, some adults will need additional help with housing, personal care or educational opportunities. (See Resources.)

    Programs

    • Your local health department is a good place to begin your search for programs that assist individuals with special needs. They can put you in touch with local support groups and help you find government programs that assist those with special needs.

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