What Intervertebral Disc Disease in Dogs?
Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is a common spinal condition in dogs that occurs when the discs between the vertebrae in the spine become damaged or herniated. These discs act as cushions between the vertebrae, providing support and flexibility to the spine. When a disc is damaged, it can put pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots, causing pain, neurological problems, and even paralysis.
IVDD can affect any breed or age of dog, but it is most commonly seen in chondrodystrophic breeds, such as Dachshunds, French Bulldogs, Beagles, and Pekingese. These breeds have a genetic predisposition for IVDD due to their elongated spines and shorter legs. IVDD can also occur in larger breeds, such as German Shepherds, Doberman Pinschers, and Boxers.
Types of IVDD:
There are two main types of IVDD:
1. Hansen Type I Disc Extrusion: This is the most common type of IVDD and occurs when the soft inner material of the disc (nucleus pulposus) is forced out through a tear in the outer layer (annulus fibrosus) of the disc. The extruded material can then press on the spinal cord or nerve roots, causing neurological problems.
2. Hansen Type II Disc Protrusion: In this type of IVDD, the nucleus pulposus bulges outward but does not completely rupture through the annulus fibrosus. This can still cause pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots, but it may be less severe than with a disc extrusion.
Symptoms of IVDD:
The symptoms of IVDD can vary depending on the location and severity of the disc damage. Some common symptoms include:
- Back pain or stiffness
- Difficulty walking or running
- Limping
- Weakness or paralysis in one or more limbs
- Urinary or fecal incontinence
- Loss of sensation in the tail or feet
- Muscle spasms
- Neck pain or stiffness (in cases of cervical IVDD)
Diagnosis of IVDD:
Diagnosing IVDD involves a combination of physical examination, neurological assessment, and imaging studies. The veterinarian will perform a thorough physical examination, paying close attention to the spine and any signs of pain or discomfort. A neurological assessment will test reflexes, coordination, and sensation. Imaging studies, such as X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may be recommended to confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of the disc damage.
Treatment for IVDD:
The treatment for IVDD depends on the severity of the condition. In mild cases, conservative treatment with rest, pain medication, and anti-inflammatory drugs may be sufficient. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the herniated disc material and relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots.
Prognosis for IVDD:
The prognosis for IVDD varies depending on the type and severity of the disc damage, as well as the timeliness of treatment. With prompt treatment, many dogs with IVDD can make a full recovery. However, some cases may result in permanent neurological deficits.