What is hyperinfection syndrome?

Hyperinfection syndrome is a severe and potentially fatal medical condition that occurs in patients with certain types of parasitic infections. It is characterized by a sudden and overwhelming increase in the number of parasites in the body, leading to a rapid decline in health.

Strongyloidiasis: In patients with untreated or compromised immune systems, Strongyloides stercoralis can cause hyperinfection syndrome. This occurs when larvae within the body undergo accelerated development and multiply uncontrollably, leading to widespread organ invasion. Symptoms may include severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and respiratory problems.

Toxocariasis: In individuals with weakened immune systems, such as young children or transplant recipients, Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati may cause visceral or ocular larva migrans. Hyperinfection syndrome can occur if larvae migrate to vital organs, including the liver, lungs, brain, and eyes, causing severe damage. Symptoms may include fever, cough, abdominal pain, neurological problems, and visual impairment.

Other Causes: Hyperinfection syndrome has also been reported in patients with hookworm (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale) and occasionally in other parasitic infections, such as anisakiasis and diphyllobothriasis.

Hyperinfection syndrome is a medical emergency and requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. It often involves intensive medical care, including antiparasitic medications, supportive therapies, and management of complications. Preventive measures, such as proper hygiene and avoiding contact with contaminated environments, are essential to reduce the risk of hyperinfection syndrome in individuals with weakened immune systems.