What are the two major causes of ATN?

1. Hypoperfusion. This is the most common cause of ATN. It occurs when the kidneys do not receive enough blood flow, which can be caused by a number of factors, including:

* Heart failure

* Shock

* Dehydration

* Severe burns

* Major surgery

2. Nephrotoxins. These are substances that can damage the kidneys. Some common nephrotoxins include:

* Antibiotics (such as gentamicin and vancomycin)

* Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (such as ibuprofen and naproxen)

* Contrast dyes used in imaging studies

* Chemotherapy drugs

* Heavy metals (such as lead and mercury)

* Illicit drugs (such as cocaine and heroin)