What eye disorders are associated with excessive UV radiation?

Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources, such as tanning beds, can contribute to the development of several eye disorders and conditions:

1. Photokeratitis: Also known as corneal sunburn, photokeratitis is a temporary condition caused by overexposure to UV radiation, particularly UV-B rays. It leads to inflammation and damage to the cornea, the clear outer layer of the eye. Symptoms include pain, redness, sensitivity to light, and a gritty sensation in the eyes.

2. Cataracts: UV radiation has been identified as a risk factor for cataract formation. Prolonged exposure to UV radiation over time can cause the proteins in the eye's natural lens to break down and clump, resulting in the clouding of the lens and impaired vision.

3. Pinguecula and Pterygium: These are growths that can develop on the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye. Pinguecula appears as a yellowish-white bump, while a pterygium is a fleshy, triangular growth that can extend onto the cornea. Both conditions are associated with chronic UV radiation exposure.

4. Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD): AMD is a leading cause of vision loss in older individuals. While the exact causes of AMD are multifactorial, UV radiation is believed to contribute to the development and progression of the condition. UV rays can damage the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp central vision.

5. Retinal damage: Prolonged exposure to high levels of UV radiation can also cause damage to the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. This damage can lead to vision problems, such as blurred vision and blind spots.

6. Cancer of the eye: UV radiation is a risk factor for certain types of eye cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma of the conjunctiva, as well as intraocular melanoma.

Protecting the eyes from excessive UV radiation is important for maintaining eye health and preventing the development of these disorders and conditions. Wearing sunglasses or eyeglasses that block 99-100% of UV-A and UV-B rays, seeking shade during peak sunlight hours, and avoiding prolonged exposure to tanning beds are all effective ways to reduce UV exposure to the eyes.