What are congenital malformations?

Congenital malformations, also known as birth defects, are structural changes present at birth that can affect any part of the body. They can range from minor physical anomalies to severe life-threatening conditions.

Congenital malformations can occur due to various factors, including genetic abnormalities, environmental influences, and infections during pregnancy. Some common types of congenital malformations include:

- Heart defects: These are the most common type of birth defect, affecting about 1 in 100 babies. Examples include atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), and tetralogy of Fallot.

- Neural tube defects: These are defects in the development of the brain and spinal cord. Examples include spina bifida and anencephaly.

- Cleft lip and palate: These are openings or splits in the upper lip or roof of the mouth.

- Limb defects: These can involve missing or extra limbs, shortened limbs, or deformities in the hands or feet.

- Digestive system defects: These can include conditions such as esophageal atresia (incomplete development of the esophagus), pyloric stenosis (narrowing of the stomach outlet), and Hirschsprung's disease (absence of nerve cells in the colon).

- Genitourinary system defects: These can affect the kidneys, bladder, or reproductive organs. Examples include hypospadias (abnormal opening of the urethra on the underside of the penis) and undescended testicles.

- Chromosomal abnormalities: These are changes in the structure or number of chromosomes, which can lead to various developmental problems. Examples include Down syndrome and Turner syndrome.

Congenital malformations can have significant physical, mental, and emotional impacts on affected individuals and their families. Early detection and intervention can improve the outcomes and quality of life for children with birth defects.