Why do mutations in genes effect traits?

Mutations in genes can affect traits because they can change the structure or function of the protein that is encoded by the gene. This can have a range of effects on the organism, depending on the specific gene that is mutated.

For example, a mutation in a gene that encodes a protein that is involved in cell division could lead to changes in the size or shape of the organism. A mutation in a gene that encodes a protein that is involved in the immune system could make the organism more susceptible to infection. A mutation in a gene that encodes a protein that is involved in metabolism could lead to changes in the organism's weight or energy levels.

Mutations can also have more subtle effects, such as changing the color of the organism's eyes or hair. In some cases, mutations can even be beneficial, such as when they confer resistance to a disease.

The effects of mutations on traits can be complex and unpredictable, and they can vary depending on the organism and the specific gene that is mutated.