How is mononucleosis diagnosed?
Mononucleosis, commonly called "Mono" or "Infectious mononucleosis," is typically diagnosed based on a combination of symptoms, physical examination findings, and laboratory tests. Here's how mononucleosis is diagnosed:
1. Symptoms: The healthcare provider will ask about your symptoms, including fever, sore throat, swollen glands, fatigue, muscle aches, skin rash, and any unusual symptoms you may be experiencing.
2. Physical Examination: The doctor will perform a physical examination to look for signs of mononucleosis, such as swollen lymph nodes, particularly at the back of the neck, as well as swollen tonsils with white or yellow spots (exudates).
3. Blood Tests:
- Monospot Test: This is a rapid test that can detect antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which causes most cases of infectious mononucleosis. It is a simple blood test that provides quick results and can indicate an active infection.
- Heterophil Antibody Test: This test checks for the presence of heterophil antibodies, which are produced by the body in response to EBV infection. Although not as specific as the monospot test, it can also provide a rapid diagnosis.
- Complete Blood Count (CBC): This test provides a detailed analysis of blood cells. In mononucleosis, there is often an increase in atypical lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that appears different from normal lymphocytes under a microscope.
4. Additional Tests:
- EBV-specific Antibody Tests: These tests detect specific antibodies against EBV, including IgM and IgG antibodies. They can confirm an active EBV infection or past exposure.
- EBV DNA Test: This test detects the presence of EBV DNA in the blood or saliva, which can confirm an active infection.
- Imaging Studies: In some cases, imaging tests such as an ultrasound of the abdomen may be recommended to check for swollen spleen, which is sometimes observed in mononucleosis.
By considering the symptoms, physical examination findings, and laboratory test results, the healthcare provider can make an accurate diagnosis of mononucleosis. It's important to consult a doctor if you suspect you may have mono to receive proper diagnosis, guidance on managing symptoms, and advice on preventing complications.