What causes abnormal fetal devlopment and birth defects?

There are numerous factors that can cause abnormal fetal development and birth defects. Some of the most common causes include:

Genetic factors: Some birth defects are caused by changes or mutations in genes or chromosomes. These changes can be inherited from either parent or can occur spontaneously.

Environmental factors: Certain environmental factors, such as exposure to toxins, chemicals, or radiation, can also cause birth defects. These factors can include things like pollution, pesticides, certain medications, and alcohol and drug use during pregnancy.

Infections: Infections during pregnancy, such as rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and toxoplasmosis, can also lead to birth defects.

Maternal health conditions: Certain maternal health conditions, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity, can increase the risk of birth defects.

Nutritional deficiencies: A lack of certain nutrients, such as folic acid and iron, can also contribute to birth defects.

Advanced maternal age: Women who are over 35 years old have an increased risk of having a baby with a birth defect.

Multiple pregnancies: Women who are carrying more than one baby (e.g., twins, triplets) have an increased risk of having a baby with a birth defect.

It's important to note that not all birth defects are preventable. However, by understanding the potential causes of birth defects and taking steps to reduce risk factors, women can help to improve their chances of having a healthy baby.